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Minggu, 13 Februari 2011

Direct and Indirect Speech



Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.
          indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech
For example:
Direct speech :"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech : He said he was going to the cinema.
          When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
          Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind
Present simple
Past tense

direct                    : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”
indirect :Vita said that  she ate fried rice.

Past simple
Past perfect

direct                    : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”
indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

 Future simple
Past future

direct                    : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’
indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after
Present continuous
Past continuous

direct                    : Gama said “ I’m playing football”
indirect : Gama said he was playing football

Past continuous
Past perfect continuous

direct                    : She said “ I was teaching earlier”
indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier
when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words such as tell say as follow by “that clause”
example  :
my  mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Now
Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago
Then
that day / that night
The day before / the previous day
The next / following day
The previous week
The following week / the week after
Before


DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
This/these
Here
pronouns
That/those
There
They changes according to the context



Type
Form
example
Yes-no question
Ask + if / whether + S + verb wonder etc
do you speak English “
He wondered if I spoke English
Wh-question
Ask + question word + S + verb wonder etc
“what are you watching”
She asked what I’m watching

DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow.“
can
She said, "I can teach English online."
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online.“
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
could
She said she could teach English online.
 had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.







DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?"
should
She asked what we should learn today.
might
She asked if she might open a new browser.

DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
"I might go to the cinema", he said.
He said he might go to the cinema.

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